Better late than never, I suppose! My apologies for the lateness of this issue, and for the non-appearance of the last two BeechLogs. With all the rain we had in the first half of the year, I had no excuse for not getting down to writing all this, but such a lot has happened to me that I was distracted by other things. The usual trips to Germany and France were uneventful, and various happenings at work meant I have been more than occupied with, well, work. Anyway, here we are again. Not much radio in this issue, so it's about time some of you put pen to paper (or fingertips to keyboard) and wrote me something for the next issue.

Although I have seen a little of the world while travelling on business, I never get to see very much. So I decided this year was the time for a short holiday away from the children. Most of them are old enough to look after themselves, so I decided to take my wife for a few days in Florence.

It was possible to get a packaged holiday there, although there were a few snags. Probably the biggest was the need to fly from Gatwick at six o'clock in the morning. Some of you may enjoy that sort of thing, and indeed I usually take the first flight from Heathrow when I go abroad on business. However why fly from Gatwick when there's a big airport ten minutes drive away? So I decided to book the flight via the internet.

Again apologies for the late appearance of BeechLog. It's been a busy start to the year, both at work and at home, and radio has not played a big part. In fact I have spent less time on the radio than for ages. Most of my activity is from the car, but in March, I was offered a new mobile QTH, so it took a while to get a radio installed.

Anyone who has even looked at the uk.radio.amateur usenet newsgroup could be forgiven for thinking it had nothing to do with radio. Much of the chat is about scoring points over the "brain dead Cbers", i.e. those without a G3 callsign, or whether the imminent end of Morse testing will signal the end of real radio. But sometimes there are interesting points raised, a couple of recent ones being the RA report about radio amateurs willing to pay £81 for the annual licence, and a "survey" on how active the group participants are.

Someone suggested that you could define an "active" radio amateur by the number of QSOs logged. It was suggested that if you logged 50 QSOs a month, then you were active. This led to the usual bragging, "I made 200 QSOs at the weekend, all CW" and the like. It made me think about my own situation, and looking in my log I certainly didn't meet that criteria. Some recent years show perhaps a year per page, although I always seem to start off with a flurry of log entries, which tails away by the 2nd January.

This year has perhaps been more "active" than most, with QSOs on 21, 24, 28, 50, 144 and 432 megs. But the log never tells a true story, as most of my "activity" has been mobile, and of course I don't have to log all that. I suppose someone of the newsgroup will decide that mobile QSOs do not count, they are generally deprecated anyway, unless perhaps the QSO is on top band. However you will notice from the list above that there were some contacts on HF bands, I don't think I made any at all last year! VHF probably doesn't count, as it represents the activity of a "brain dead CBer", and since I took the multiple choice RAE and an RSGB Morse test, I suppose that's what I am.

I started off this year with good intentions, and I haven't given up yet. I have been rearranging the aerials at home, and have mounted a pole at the end of the garden. This met with my neighbours displeasure when I stuck my six metre beam on it, although that was only temporary. The real intention is to mount a vertical there, and also use it as the "far" end of a wire aerial. Probably the latter - the ten metre vertical will probably go back up on my wall. I have had a dual band 50/28 Mhz mobile whip on this pole recently, and while it works well on six, the ten metre performance is not up to the CB aerial, even with a couple of radials.

In any case, if I am going to make any use of my new FT100, I had better do something about HF aerials. I ought to be using ten metres now, as the band is very active this summer, so maybe this weekend I should get my finger out. Provided it's not raining, or too hot, it should take only an hour or so to get the half-wave up.

Anyway, back to the topic of how "active" we are. I suppose that besides getting bored with radio, our modern lifestyle doesn't fit in so well. Back in the era of G3's, it was probably considered OK for a man to leave all the usual household activities to his wife. I suppose the man would pop off down to the shack at 6.30 pm, and stay there, fortified by the "little woman" bringing him tea and food at appropriate intervals. It would be interesting to see how this works today. Are the really active 200 CW QSO's per weekend men married at all? Do they have children at home? How do they find time to watch the 150 satellite TV channels that is essential these days?

If I am to become more active on amateur radio this year, how much time is considered acceptable for the modern husband? To get up to the 50 QSO/month level, how long should I spend on each contact? Is there activity on any band in the 5.30 to 6.30 am slot when I am normally in bed? If I get rid of this computer, will I find more time for radio. Something to think about.

This year I have found myself involved in discussing Sporadic E propagation on the Internet and elsewhere. This is a phenomena that is generally misunderstood, and gives rise to various explanations that seem unlikely to me. As we all know, the ionosphere is usually subdivided into several layers, commonly the D, E and F layers. The F layer is usually split into 2 sub-layers, F1 and F2. The E layer can also be divided, although this is not so common. These layers have historical divisions, and roughly indicate areas containing different quantities of free electrons (ionisation). They are also divided by density, the D layer having the highest density, being closest to the earth. You can see a diagram on the Appleton Laboratory web page, http://www.rcru.rf.ac.uk/ionospheric/structure.htm These layers can reflect or refract radio waves. The D layer reflects some radio waves during the daytime, particularly at low frequencies. Higher frequencies are able to pass through this layer, and reflect or refract from an E or F layer. These effects are most noticeable during the daytime, when radiation from the sun activates them. At night, the lower levels become less ionised, so that low frequencies can pass through and reflect off higher layers.

Looking through many web sites, I have found many descriptions of what Sporadic E is and does. Alas these descriptions vary depending on which band the writer is most interested in. For example, some six metre operators talk of it being a major player in long distance communications. Today I have read a US expert talk of EU to US contacts via "triple hop Sporadic E".

This I find very hard to believe. Most sources quote Sporadic E propagation requiring "small clouds of intense ionisation", which I can accept, although some talk of "large clouds...". "Multiple hop" propagation requires the signal to be reflected from one cloud to another, some 1500km away, and triple hop presumably requires 3 reflections. I find this hard to swallow. Since all three layers can reflect/refract 50MHz signals, why do they not consider that their signal has reflected by a higher layer? The likelihood of 3 clouds being in the right place seems unlikely, and some writers have remarked that it is strange that signals have not been heard from other locations in the signal path. Furthermore, each cloud needs to be angled in such a way that signals are not returned at the angle received, but exactly at the right low angle to catch the next cloud.

10 metre operators talk of Sporadic E "short skip". This can of course happen, and does, but quite often signal can be heard from a variety of locations during these events, suggesting to me that the E layer has become ionised sufficiently in general, rather than just a small cloud.

On two metres there is generally less confusion. Path lengths are usually in the range of 1000 to 2000 kilometres, which is easily explained by a reflection off a cloud at the traditional E layer height. Two metre operators will verify the sudden starting and ending of propagation, which is easily explained by a the movement of small cloud of ionisation. Of course, you do find paths of over 3000 km, but these are not usually described as double hop. These may be explained by the cloud being higher than usual, or assistance by aurora or tropo ducting. These long paths are often over water, e.g. UK to Canaries or Israel, or even the near 4000 km of the Hungary to Canaries QSO.

In the UK, Sporadic E is usually characterised by (i) sudden starting and ending of propagation, (ii) unpredictable path, (iii) it happens regardless of the state of the solar cycle, (iv) the time of day - usually after lunch, (v) the time of year, especially June.

Of course it is very difficult to discover exactly what the process is. If something doesn't fit the traditional models, we have to guess. My view is that we should take with a pinch of salt any explanations regarding multiple hops. Bear in mind that these ionospheric layers are loosely and traditionally defined, and unless you have ionospheric echo sounders all along the propagation path, there is no easy way of figuring what is reflecting, and where.